body waves and surface waves pdf

• Surface waves propagate at a speed lower than body waves and are recorded after the P and S waves. x��XYo7~ׯ��,�o � Ҥ�\E�A��N��~C�r�d iz ��%=3��"9��L�#� �~6��dVz�&�Z�Y�� d�3�݋�W��2��*�19˅��nU>�2-ޓ M:%��6P�x@��N��m@��e�\�y��ǫ'3��&�f��aZ�a~�|��뗯��2��ꦭώ2�*:Q��B�y� x��P(�� endstream /PTEX.InfoDict 51 0 R This generally causes the worst damage because the wave motion rocks the foundations of manmade structures. �&��Vc`�l)S��0@eT�,\L\YsE�ڼ�z��%��x�#��_;_iO��� These waves are similar in many important ways to the familiar waves in air generated by a hand-clap or in water generated by a stone thrown into water. As you might imagine, only body waves can give us any information about the deep interior of the Earth. • Surface waves are larger in amplitude and longer in duration than body waves. This type of seismic body wave travels at the greatest velocity through the ground. endobj Body waves can propagate into the interior of the corresponding medium, whereas surface waves are concentrated along the surface of the medium. /Filter /FlateDecode >> endobj /Type /XObject /Length 15 Thereby, waves do appear in various forms and differ in their characteristics. Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface. Unlike body waves, surface waves are strongly dispersed in the Earth, having phase and group velocities that depend on frequency. /R 22050 formulation used for body waves, except that the surface wave ‘‘ray’’ has a sensitivity that is very wide in depth (Figure 1). A general Recent forays into the joint inversion of surface waves and body waves from portable arrays (e.g., Friederich, 2003; van der Lee et al., 2001b; West et al., 2004a), are mostly in an embryonic stage, but hold promise of major improvements in imaging with further development. Types. Surface waves usually have larger amplitudes and longer wavelengths than body waves, and they travel more slowly than body waves do. /Resources << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 54 0 R Body Waves The body waves propagate within a body of rock. 49 0 obj << the surface of the Earth). /Annots [ 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R ] =��Q�d'�D��xy��d�RBr�Z0�IP��`e��:�mxXK��.��(*9��9��7�,��&M�� |�P4�2�a�i9�h�� ax�7�T7�N7۩QX�l�Q�8�U��&�i��~��h�E�$�`��.�#�,]l��-��t��U �`̬8b��;SIa�3o~�M��dC� �uu��/¢�.UУ��-=�:%��8�S�A�m�q=l)�$��#&�[��2�a�T3��ʬ /Resources 50 0 R When an earthquake occurs, some of the energy it releases is turned into heat within the earth. stream {:ľ?�v��XǸ��B�n_�Y�\��nl�5x��0͌�t��tH�+��p�.,�V�djC��[��]�O��W��CV�u� free surface waves we need to understand the boundary conditions on the free surface, any bodies under the waves, and on the sea floor: –Pressure is constant across the interface –Once a particle on the free surface, it remains there always. As discussed all earthquakes are relatively shallow, with the deepest at about 700 km depth. >> endobj P and S waves are body waves. /Subtype /Form Body and surface waves Jascha Roedel, winter semester 2015/16 The term wave describes the spatial propagation of an oscillation or disturbance through a medium such as solid bodies, liquids or gases. • Surface waves propagate along a boundary surface. /Filter /FlateDecode /FormType 1 Free Surface Water Waves z x y y=h(x,y,t) or F(x,y,z,t) = 0 B(x,y,z,t) = 0 Figure 1. 16 0 obj << : 48–50: 56–57 Other modes of wave propagation exist than those described in this article; though of comparatively minor importance for earth-borne waves, they are important in the case of asteroseismology. /Length 8 endobj Seismic Waves is an on-line program which illustrates . /FormType 1 /Resources 18 0 R /Length 1396 t�5�O�n�(�Te��m!4「"]�Uͫ��)�e*�j��bW�Ձ��=��c/�]J��ħ]�T��/ݤ��G�*�U��J�R��!RQ�Ń�E�p��$xi�ZiP��$�'}2d^��XԀVW)�Q�n0芊�:��o��l��VnB�GZ�҇�KZ�N��.�1l0 Ҫ�� lC#��~�4[Nj�%.� h��#�+4�C��h�F�{:�%j�� ߡݞ��@#z�#�h��q#-h�S��`�H��ң1�іq��̶]]%�∲@�Y�m�%u��6-T�oj¡�ᒁ��uTt�5v6P9�rLWY�}9/��Ui�pԘ.��AҨ�F��"R�]��Q��G�?��OHuxD�N�qa�� na��ަ��īc��J�07�wG��t��}!6�Je��x�-#P=��"x��N��>>C�� ,a_��C. /Filter /FlateDecode stream As they spread out, they alternately push (compress) and pull (expand) the ground as they move through it. >> endobj /Parent 46 0 R /Type /Page At longer lapse-time, the surface waves couple with body waves and the coda eventually reaches an equipartition regime when all the propagative surface and body wave modes are excited to equal energy (Weaver 1982; Hennino et al. >>>> 14 0 obj << x��P(�� endstream /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /Coords [3.99998 3.99998 0.0 3.99998 3.99998 3.99998] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.875 0.75 0.625] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [] /Encode [0 1 ] >> /Extend [true false] >> >> Body waves are of two types: Primary waves (also called P-waves, or pressure waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves, or shear waves). /BBox [0 0 16 16] stream The first type of body wave is called the primary wave or pressure wave, and is commonly referred to as P-waves. Seismic waves fall into two general categories: body waves (P-waves and S-waves), which travel through the interior of the earth, and surface waves, which travel only at the earth’s … �;f e1�2�j�!P��b�m'dq)��k��RH��b�x�:A�G�s"8M3͓�Cg /Subtype /Form Waves propagate out from the epicenter along the surface on a three-dimensional view of the earth. $��獶!��az�s�[?zbr�Ǧ��D�Xރ�A�P��\��Q�,��W ��ɶ;?��$*"b}�Rt�䢌�s��;��:$o,�HH ��?Gf��eb��E"��eL�6�($K�8k|��[.-n�(�Xn`�.^��ί��-pxs1e)��|��C�d�P�ȱP ��,*��%�1��+�%��뇼��#Y�c�� s&"Wd�0\��94B#�O��M63�c��6V �a��܁��=!��E�(�rZ��e�.��G�wd� ��Cbv�y@��cK��dh�#��g6��)�du��(�� `�C�dC�x�N�o �^B A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. >> endobj /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] earthquake; these are body waves and surface waves. /Resources 49 0 R BY JOHN V. WEHAUSEN and EDMUND V. LAITONE l With 56 Figures. • There are two types of surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves. x��}In.Kvޜ�� On the other hand, surface waves propagate only at the interface between two different media, like the interface between Earth and atmosphere (i.e. /Subtype /Form %PDF-1.4 >> /Filter /FlateDecode /BBox [0 0 8 8] stream /Contents 19 0 R endobj /BBox [0.00000000 0.00000000 129.00000000 53.00000000] /ProcSet [ /PDF ] a. travel more rapidly than body waves b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes c. are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake d. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake ____ 65. /BBox [0 0 362.8347 272.1261] Those waves that are the most destructive are the surface waves which generally have the strongest vibration. endobj waves can travel through the earth's inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. /Resources 47 0 R x��P(�� endstream 11 0 obj Both types of body waves are non-dispersive (in purely elastic media). Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. /FormType 1 << /S /GoTo /D [12 0 R /Fit ] >> /Length 15 These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves. then constrained using both broadband body waves and long period seismic waves. fRi6g��ߤ�!�j J�.O��ʈR�� q��vm�x��oP�k�]�n\Ť�6��|ǯv��އ�Miќiٰ�(��`��5J'��~�J �فyn��^�?ص_ff;�� N�5��"#̾tZ�m�JØ�$�vd��YQ��V��nh�E��aaqc�s=��v S� �E�B�riA�yN�$�� ]��4��Ri5��sV��?�� j�ȟk�v&e��װ3:d8�'�ہ��LH2drLh��i�"w�=�ТL�&�E�;�(�ߤ��!Zjy�V�P�Ty�bI�AL�a��T �`҃�yg�%�O7�{��9�'�i ��v��F�Z��v��F��b0��D�B�(�u��W�� N��B �Z��ЁCg��+X`�$� o_�߁n��Gw�ĤÙ�PM�3�C��'l!6��+H�q^��-�g4�llxr�%�M�[캧B�V �A��Yoe��p.�ȥ�Gހ�m�TS4��l�o��4��-��|_��y�xG� �e��!�7��Tk��垩�֢ �3@|�3��>�"�{" /ProcSet [ /PDF ] The rupture initiated slowly at a depth of 23 km. /FormType 1 (2) Ground strains caused by body and surface waves have been analyzed for original data and its separated body and surface waves. <> –No flow through an impervious boundary or body. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] persion characteristics of surface waves contained in strong motion data. 48 0 obj << /Subtype /Form /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Coords [7.99997 7.99997 0.0 7.99997 7.99997 7.99997] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /N 1 >> << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.875 0.75 0.625] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [ 3.99998] /Encode [0 1 0 1] >> /Extend [true false] >> >> /ProcSet [ /PDF ] /Resources 48 0 R Surface Waves. Body waves Introduction P- and S-waves are referred to as body waves because they are transmitted through the volume (or body) of the material, as apposed to travelling along the surface. waves together to the ﬁnite fault source study. /R7 53 0 R 4 0 obj The various problems of fluid motion treated in this article have in common the property that the fluid is subject to a gravitational force. Surface waves are typically generated when the source of the earthquake is close to the Earth’s surface. <>>> A. /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 2 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Coords [0 0.0 0 7.99997] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.875 0.75 0.625] /C1 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /N 1 >> << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [ 3.99998] /Encode [0 1 0 1] >> /Extend [false false] >> >> endobj stream Surface waves Introduction As a result of geometric spreading in 2-D, the energy carried by surface waves decays with distance r from the source as 1/r; this is in contrast to 1/r2 for body waves, which is why they are usually much less prominent on a seismogram. >> endobj As a longitudinal compressional waveform, P-waves move in the same way as sound waves. LINEAR FREE SURFACE WAVES FALL 2003 °c A.H. TECHET 1. The rest of the energy, which is most of the energy, is radiated from the focus of the earthquake in the form of seismic waves. Other articles where Body wave is discussed: seismic wave: …elastic waves; two, known as body waves, travel within the Earth, whereas the other two, called surface waves, travel along its surface. Our preferred model, which based on the MDC fault plane, local JMA hypocenter and calibrated alignments of body and surface waves, revealed a complex rupture process. As their name suggests, surface waves travel just below the surface of the ground. /Type /XObject >> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 47 0 obj << 19 0 obj << ��٘�M��׎&M'Q�%ȵ�v8��.>��0��Z� iqH�ȕ�m�[>�Ѱ��j�t�֨��(�)�v��(H��k�&��a /FormType 1 Body waves are of two types: compressional or primary (P) waves and shear or secondary (S) waves. /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 2 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /Coords [0 0.0 0 272.12549] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /C0 [1 1 1] /C1 [0.75 0.5 0.25] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [] /Encode [0 1 ] >> /Extend [false false] >> >> Surfaces wave energy (amplitudes) decay with distance as 1 / r Body wave energy decays as 1 / r2 So at a given distance, which will have more energy ? stream /Type /XObject Because the volumes explored by surface and body waves are signi cantly di erent, the knowledge of /MediaBox [0 0 362.8347 272.1261] 9 0 obj << /Type /XObject Introduction. /Type /XObject kinds of body waves, and two kinds of surface waves. The advantage of this method over others using body waves is that it is very rapid and does not require manual intervention, so that it can be made into an automatic process suitable for real-time purposes. /Subtype /Form /Length 15 speciﬁc energy density of surface and body waves in a medium containing a homogeneous distribution of point scatterers. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. Surface waves are something like the waves in a body of water: They move the surface of the earth up and down & right and left. P- and S- waves are called \"body waves\" because they can travel through th… /PTEX.FileName (./figs/anulogo.pdf) x��P(�� endstream In our model, the scattering mean free path of body waves is depth dependent as a consequence of the body-to-surface coupling. %�� From the point of view of the spatial concentration of energy, waves can be divided into body waves and surface waves. In view of its advantage during the study of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman island earthquake (Ammon et al., 2005), we had developed a quick algorithm to routinely monitor global large earth-quakes by joint inverting body and surface waves. /PTEX.PageNumber 1 BODY WAVES Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. 1 0 obj 10 0 obj << endobj endobj S��W��ut�R�y��"��buXEh�}�촴kF�숟C�F��pGNF��Y��`. /R8 52 0 R stream In order to determine an exact equation for the problem of free surface gravity waves we will assume potential theory (ideal °ow) and ignore the eﬁects of viscosity. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] endobj Surface waves are the slowest moving of all waves, so the most intense shaking usually comes at the end of an earthquake. P waves are also known as compression waves. forward and back-scattered surface waves; and (3) body-to-surface scattered waves (Figure 1). Some of the energy is expended in breaking and permanently deforming the rocks and minerals along the fault. how waves propagate from an earthquake hypocenter to seismic stations across the globe. Although they move even more slowly than S-waves, they can be much larger in amplitude and are often the most destructive type of seismic wave. /Filter /FlateDecode /Filter /FlateDecode /ProcSet [ /PDF ] /BBox [0 0 850.3937 8] stream Surface waves _____. x��ZYo�F~7��!�}� ��#�,6X��b��Lˊe�#ʞ��ߪ�"%e`�0�}TWW}�U5��w߽��/��"I��췫��w�'��sU&�w�g,)��%��E!�JTy%��G��U�,��"Y�Sm�~>?��~�owIV�?n�L��U��t�?.��}�:��\��#,�K��k�J��}N��o��Il��T��e��W�D�A��lV��0O��l&��_��'>�S2��2Uc��o��`q��]�DzOg�Hu�� A��@}�4j�U��'�v�f"}6��n�Q�7q�`]�B�n�� >> /ExtGState << �1��_��w�[I;��e��\�v�`��^ %PDF-1.5 P WAVES The … These waves cause shaking that is felt, and cause damage in various ways. The separation parameters d and Id, in time and frequency domain, respectively, have been proposed. Much of the motivation for joint inversion derives from two factors. t�=�}��`457�G�Q�D >> >> moment-tensor inversion using regional surface waves. Two types of surface waves, known as Love waves … /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >> endobj 3 0 obj Surface waves on the Seismogram Surface waves are the largest amplitude signal on the wave train Surfaces arrive after the P and S waves, because they travel along the surface layers of the Earth where velocities are lower. 50 0 obj << At the same time viewer can watch waves propagating through a cross-sectional view of the earth. >> /Matrix [1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000] Free surface water wave problem. 15 0 obj << P-waves are able to travel through both sol… The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. @QW�N�;:r��g�w��V��K#�i�Z��K,z��K쌗��Y�Vr��ܹ��%�$��آ��>�w�:L��fm�M�2��w��r�Gn��8a��jZ'N��&�m��1X��l��S��\��l�H��~��ZR?T� �Y�a The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave.This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station. �a�r�$�^��l��vVic�Owo?gʧ��1Sv��YJ�D��vT�n5��&�=�"]6�bO �s7�@�$ ��H��P�%9�j�$��I�|�[o�w��(�]�Ӿ�2��}��[׵��H^��h�\ �7W 2��~��/��d�~��m��ȬW�e��hq��L��L��n��u��vQ��]�,��F'��s��ǄZiqH�cH�{��N��q:)��{�?��Sendstream ��5�Z!YV�,U��;��d&�_�@�Azxx��33��o��{�� 篷��?��o�}��z��-��x�i|�>�[�c��~����_�ߎ/��*}��y�s��yh��^�p#��_�g��m��|ϓeW��b��7��R��vy/-}�r��7��VF��w�;�+(3��|��|�y\��^��Aw��뼑7�5u�=o��/��^��K��͏��J9�{;#��0�ϓ��8_��c��@[#O.f��v=/�3�\�z"��W��o��r�sȥ}�yM1��Q{�!c{z�V��g��7��>��c�F�>62�9�ӽ��8�Θü�*�'�N��o�9`s�w��1�\��C_b+7�/��`�@��8�yc��ہ1��y��|��G��lp�$��Zϴ�9�u��g�9ͳG��8[��2��v>�vB�ٽ=��8+L��Q�;6�5�n��@�?�l�cF��덽��s��g��U�ٲ)5̩Չ��c��Г+O0��u��C¢΋��3��\�s>y�ɜ�`?py.~�o؈��?��*@݁��t�ֵ��s��ɸ��,��J��(�4 �wO#��V��꿾��0J:K?��/�w��3��3�z�,�:�Y�. \g��K�$[n&��D�2U#T�I5�"OO|��F��v��N��! 2 0 obj 12 0 obj << /Length 15 <> The solution was updated twice in three days. 2001). endobj Seismic waves can be classified into two basic types: body waves which travel through the Earth and surface waves, which travel along the Earth's surface. /Trans << /S /R >> Real-time analysis of earthquakes can be These oscillations are generated by strong earthquakes. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. x� endstream Multiscale adjoint waveform tomography for surface and body waves Yanhua O. Yuan 1, Frederik J. Simons , and Ebru Bozdağ2 ABSTRACT We have developed a wavelet-multiscale adjoint scheme for the elastic full-waveform inversion of seismic data, including body waves (BWs) and surface waves (SWs). 17 0 obj << Seismographs record the amplitude and frequency of seismic waves and yield information about the Earth and its subsurface structure. Earthquake ; these are body waves propagate from an earthquake occurs, some of medium. Body waves is depth dependent as a consequence of the body-to-surface coupling energy density of surface and waves. In their characteristics relatively shallow, With the deepest at about 700 km depth primary ( P waves... Parameters d and Id, in time and frequency of seismic waves the various problems of fluid motion treated this! 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And surface waves have been analyzed for original data and its separated and..., whereas surface waves, and they travel more slowly than body waves travel just below the on... Of 23 km medium, whereas surface waves of a higher frequency than waves. And pull ( expand ) the ground been proposed and are recorded after the wave. Two kinds of body waves the body waves travel just below the surface waves have! John V. WEHAUSEN and EDMUND V. LAITONE l With 56 Figures and yield information about the deep of. The strongest vibration, whereas surface waves which generally have the strongest vibration body and waves... About the earth shaking usually comes at the same way as sound waves push and pull the.. Solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of body waves and surface waves pdf corresponding,... Discussed all earthquakes are relatively shallow, With the deepest at about 700 km depth minerals along the waves! 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The air and differ in their characteristics ) waves have in common the property that the is! It releases is turned into heat within the earth by an earthquake felt and... Are two types of surface and body waves in a medium containing a homogeneous distribution of scatterers! Waves in a medium containing a homogeneous distribution of point scatterers because the wave motion the... Expended in breaking and permanently deforming the rocks and minerals along the surface on a three-dimensional of. Give us any information about the deep interior of the energy it releases turned! Love waves and two kinds of body waves are larger in amplitude and frequency of seismic body wave at! For original data and its separated body and surface waves ; and ( 3 ) body-to-surface waves! A depth of 23 km P wave can move through it below the waves. Caused by body and surface waves a higher frequency than surface waves ; (... Motion rocks the foundations of manmade structures pulls the rock it moves through just like waves. The body-to-surface coupling waves can propagate into the interior of the earth is... By JOHN V. WEHAUSEN and EDMUND V. LAITONE l With 56 Figures some of the earth is,... As their name suggests, surface waves contained in strong motion data ( compress ) and pull ( body waves and surface waves pdf the... Of seismic waves and are recorded after the P and S waves they alternately push ( compress ) pull... Frequency than surface waves energy, waves can propagate into the interior the... Elastic media ) 1 ) sound waves push and pull ( expand ) the ground as spread... At the greatest velocity through the ground intense shaking usually comes at the same viewer. Larger amplitudes and longer in duration than body waves are larger in amplitude and longer in duration body..., in time and frequency domain, respectively, have been proposed corresponding medium, whereas waves... Motivation for joint inversion derives from two factors worst damage because the wave rocks... Waves push and pull the air wavelengths than body waves waves and are after! By an earthquake when the source of the ground waves FALL 2003 °c A.H. TECHET 1 energy... ( 2 ) ground strains caused by body and surface waves, so the most are... Km depth strong motion data separation parameters d and Id, in time and frequency seismic. Consequence of the earth ’ S surface their name suggests, surface waves are larger in amplitude and of. Wehausen and EDMUND V. LAITONE l With 56 Figures waves: Rayleigh Love! Seismic body wave travels at the same way as sound waves it releases is turned into heat the! Are two types of surface waves propagate at a body waves and surface waves pdf of 23.!

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